Blue in Ancient Civilizations

Throughout history, blue has been a colour of deep significance, often associated with divinity, power, and prestige. In Ancient Egypt, blue symbolized the heavens and the gods, with Amun-Ra sometimes depicted with blue skin to represent his cosmic and life-giving powers. Egyptian artisans used ground lapis lazuli and other minerals to create vibrant blue pigments, which adorned tombs, statues, and jewellery as symbols of protection and divine favour.

Similarly, in Mesopotamia, blue was a colour of religious and royal importance. The famous Ishtar Gate of Babylon, constructed with striking blue glazed bricks, represented the heavens and divine authority. In Ancient Greece, blue was associated with the sea and Poseidon, though early Greek literature rarely mentioned blue explicitly, possibly due to how they perceived colours in relation to material properties rather than distinct hues.

The rarity and difficulty of producing blue pigments contributed to its association with wealth and status. Since natural blue pigments like lapis lazuli were expensive and challenging to acquire, they were often reserved for royalty, high-ranking officials, and sacred objects—a perception that endured through the centuries.

Blue in Religious Symbolism

Blue holds deep spiritual meaning in many religious traditions. In Christianity, blue is closely associated with the Virgin Mary, symbolizing purity, tranquility, and divine grace. This association became prominent in the 12th century, particularly in stained glass windows that depicted the celestial realm and divine illumination.

In Jewish tradition, the Hebrew word tekhélet refers to a blue dye used for priestly garments and temple decorations, reinforcing its sacred significance. In early Christianity, blue was less central than red, black, or white, but its role evolved over time, particularly after the Protestant Reformation. Reformers favoured simplicity, making black the colour of humility, while blue became associated with honesty, temperance, and spirituality. Unlike red, which was often criticized for representing excess, blue maintained a place in religious art and vestments.

During the Renaissance, blue's religious significance grew further due to the high cost of ultramarine—a pigment derived from lapis lazuli, more expensive than gold. Patrons who could afford it commissioned religious paintings where blue featured prominently, particularly in depictions of the Virgin Mary, reinforcing both her divine grace and the patron’s wealth.

The Evolution of Blue in Society

As time progressed, blue's symbolism extended beyond religion and royalty. In the Baroque period, blue remained a mark of nobility, frequently appearing in royal portraits. With advancements in dyeing and pigment production, blue became more accessible, finding its way into military uniforms, national symbols, and everyday fashion. Today, blue retains its historical significance in religious traditions, artistic expression, and cultural symbolism worldwide.